Description

Propofol is a versatile, short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. Recognized for its rapid onset and brief duration, it is primarily employed for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, as well as for procedural sedation. In intensive care settings, it provides effective sedation for intubated and mechanically ventilated patients.

Formulation

This anesthetic is formulated as a milky-white oil-in-water emulsion, available in concentrations of 1% (10 mg/mL) and 2% (20 mg/mL) for human use, and 10 mg/mL for veterinary applications. It is typically supplied in glass ampoules, vials, or infusion bottles, necessitating careful handling and storage.

Administration

Administered exclusively by trained medical professionals or licensed veterinarians, Propofol is given through intravenous injection or infusion. Dosage is carefully individualized based on factors such as age, weight, and clinical condition, ensuring optimal efficacy and safety.

Inactive Ingredients

The formulation includes inactive ingredients such as soybean oil, egg lecithin, and glycerol, which may vary slightly between products. These components necessitate caution in patients with known allergies to eggs or soy.

Storage and Handling

Proper storage between 4–25°C (40–77°F) is crucial, with protection from light and prevention of freezing. Once opened, the emulsion should be used immediately, and any remaining product must be discarded within 6–12 hours to maintain sterility, as it contains no antimicrobial preservatives.

Contraindications and Precautions

Propofol is contraindicated in individuals with hypersensitivity to its components and in certain patient populations, such as newborns and those with specific medical conditions. During administration, continuous monitoring of vital signs is essential, and emergency equipment should be readily available to manage potential adverse effects like hypotension, bradycardia, and respiratory depression.

Adverse Effects

Common adverse effects include pain at the injection site, low blood pressure, and slow heartbeat. In rare cases, more severe conditions such as Propofol Infusion Syndrome may occur, particularly with prolonged use.

Mechanism of Action

The anesthetic effect of Propofol is achieved through the potentiation of GABA-mediated chloride channels, leading to central nervous system depression. Its pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by high protein binding, a large volume of distribution, and clearance through hepatic and extrahepatic pathways, with renal excretion.

Veterinary Use

In veterinary settings, Propofol is primarily used for dogs, providing reliable anesthesia induction and maintenance. The dosage is titrated to effect, administered under the guidance of a veterinarian.

Regulatory Status

Propofol is approved by regulatory bodies such as the FDA and is registered with the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (ARTG), ensuring compliance with stringent quality and safety standards. This comprehensive profile underscores its critical role in modern anesthetic practice, offering controlled and effective sedation across diverse medical environments.